Informatics Publishing Limited

B. A. Aglave ¹, Prabha Rai Kalal ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain, which causes thinking and memory to become seriously impaired. The likelihood of having Alzheimer's disease increases substantially after the age of 70 and may affect around 50% of persons over the age of 85. Alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that inevitably happens in later life. For example, many people live to over 100 years of age and never develop Alzheimer's disease.

Keywords

Alzheimer Disease, Early-Onset, Late-Onset.

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Rupali Kothawade ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Neurobiology is the study of cells of nervous system and their organization to form circuit in order to perform functions. The application of the techniques of molecular biology such as recombinant DNA technology, cDNA library, genomic library, hybridization techniques, molecular markers etc. to studies of nerve cells has resulted in much information about mechanisms of nervous transmission, triggering of gene expression in target cells and storage of information. Brain is the organ specialized for receiving, processing, storing and releasing of stored information. In invertebrates the infrastructure and operations for such functions are relatively less complex than in vertebrates. The human brain is the most advanced and has ability of thinking, storage or memory banks, a parallel computing capabilities and has unique capacity to store systematically the information obtained from the experience of a lifetime. From a study of behavior pattern under artificial and natural conditions, scientists have concluded that the behavior of learning is based on ability to store experience; they have classified learning into non-associative and associative types. In the former the experience results from a single type of event; in the latter, it is the outcome of the interaction of two or more experiences. Learning is dependent on a variety of neural components that include plasticity of nerve cell endings in making and altering patterns of nerve cell networking and neuroreactive molecules that are expressed on induction by stimuli.

Keywords

Innate Behavior, Non-Associative Learning, Human Brain.

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Priyanka P. Nagare ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is native only to the tropical forests of Madagascar, the world's fourth largest island, found off the east coast of Africa.When researchers began to analyse the plant in the 1950's they discovered it contained over 70 alkaloids. Some were found to lower blood sugar levels and others to act as hemostatics, but the most interesting were vinblastine and vincristine, which were found to lower the number of white cells in blood. A high number of white cells in the blood indicates leukemia. So a new anti-cancer drug had been discovered. Vinblastine has helped increase the chance of surviving childhood leukaemia from 10% to 95%, while vincristine is used to treat Hodgkins' Disease. Traditional Madagascan healers used the rosy periwinkle for treating diabetes. This led to its study by western scientists who then discovered its anti-cancer properties. These medicines have proved very profitable for global drug companies. Worldwide sales are worth over £75 million a year, but virtually none of this money finds its way back to Madagascar, one of the poorest countries in the world. Recent international agreements have tried to ensure that more profits from the commercial development of animal and plant species return to the countries of origin.

Keywords

Catharanthus roesus, Cander, Rosy periwinkle.

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Neha N. Patihal ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

What is hormonal therapy?:

Hormonal therapy is a type of whole-body (systemic) medicine used to lower the risk of a hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer from coming back or a new hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer from developing. A systemic treatment goes through the whole body (or system) rather than just targeting one organ.

Keywords

Harmonal Therapy, Chemotherapy.

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B. A. Aglave ¹, Prabha Rai Kalal ², M. O. Lokhande ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the blood pressure chronically elevate. Hypertension can be classified either essential (primary) or secondary. Essential hypertension indicates that no specific medical cause can be found to explain a patient's condition. Secondary hypertension indicates that the high blood pressure is a result of (i.e., secondary to) another condition, such as kidney disease or tumours.

Keywords

Obsession, Compulsion, Genetics, Treatment.

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Neha Patihal ¹, Priyanka Nagare ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

What are genes?:

Our bodies are made up of millions of tiny structures called cells. Inside each cell is an area called the nucleus, which contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of thousands of genes. Genes are tiny chemical structures. They organize the repair of damaged cells and tissues.

Keywords

Nanosuspensions, Hydrophobic Drugs, Chromosomes.

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Vishakha A. Mahajan ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

In nutrition, the diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. Dietary habits are the habitual decisions an individual or culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. Although humans are omnivores, each culture holds some food preferences and some food taboos. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy. Proper nutrition requires the proper ingestion and equally important, the absorption of vitamins, minerals and fuel in the form of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in health and mortality. Throughout the 20th century, nutritional science focused on finding vitamins and minerals defining their use and preventing the deficiency diseases that they caused. In order to address the increasing incidence of these diet-related-diseases, the role of diet and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studied.

Keywords

Obsession, Compulsion, Genetics, Treatment.

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Mrunalini Lotankar ¹, Ashwini Dashputre ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Joints:
Normal structure:

Joints are of 2 types-diarthrodial or synovial joints with a joint cavity and synarthrodial or nonsynovial joint without cavity. Most of the diseases of joints affect diarthrodial or synovial joints. In diarthrodial joints, the ends of two bones are held together by joint capsule with ligaments and tendons inserted at outer surface of the capsule. The articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage, which is thicker in weight bearing areas than in nonweight bearing areas. The joint space is lined by synovial membrane or synovium, which forms synovial fluid that lubricates the joint during movements. The synovium may be smooth or thrown into numerous folds and villi. The synovial membrane is composed of inner layer of 1 to 4 cell thick synoviocytes and outer layer of loose vascular connective tissue. On electron microscopy, two types of synoviocytes are distinguished: type A and B. Type A synoviocytes are more numerous and are related to macrophages and produce degradative enzymes, while type B synthesize hyaluronic acid.

Keywords

Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ailment, Joints.

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Mrunalini Lotankar ¹, Ashwini Dashputre ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Since the report on the heat-induced appearance of chromosomal puffings in salivary gland tissue of Drosophila busckii in 1962, a new research domain has been intensively explored. This research resulted in the discovery of large number of related proteins and their physiological role in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, tissues and individual cells and at the level of sub-cellular structures. These proteins were originally called “heat shock proteins”, because they were discovered in salivary glands and other tissues of Drosophila melanogaster recovering from a so-called transient sublethal heat shock, during which body temperature was increased nearly 5°C above normal body temperature care.

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Ashwini G. Dashputre ¹, Mrunalini S. Lotankar ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

A prion is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus, is comprised entirely of a propagated, misfolded protein. The misfolded form of the prion protein has been implicated in a number of diseases in variety of mammals; include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, that is “Mad cow disease”) in cattle and Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CDJ in humans). All hypothesized prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue and all are currently untreatable and are always fatal. In general usage, prion refers to the theoretical unit of infection. Scientifically speaking, PrP^c refers to the endogenous prion protein, which is found in multitude of tissues, while PrP^c refers to the misfolded form of PrP^c, and is responsible for the formation of amyloid plaques that lead to neurodeaeneration. Prions are hypothesized to infect and propagate by refolding abnormally into a structure, which is able to convert normal molecules of the protein into the abnormally structured form. All known prions induce the formation of an amyloid fold, in which the protein polymerizes into an aggregate consisting of tightly packed beta-sheets. This altered structure is extremely stable and accumulates in infected tissue, causing cell death and tissue damage. This stability means that prions are resistant to denaturation by chemical and physical agents, making disposal and containment of these particles difficult. Proteins showing prion-type behavior are also found in some fungi and this has been quite important in helping to understand mammalian prions. However, fungal prions don’t appear to cause disease in their hosts and may even confer an evolutionary advantage through a form of protein-based inheritance. The word prion is a portmanteau developed by combining the first two syllables of the words proteinacious and infectious (-on by analogy to virion).

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S. O. Gupta ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The Human population is increasing at an alarming rate day by day. There is a need for another Green revolution to fulfill the food needs of this population. In such a case Biotechnology can offer a solution by recommending alternative food sources such as spirulina. Water crisis is also one of the major problems the world is facing today. Large populations of people in many countries do not have an access to pure drinking water sources. The concept of using recycled water by treating the used water i.e. sewage can be developed only by means of its purification using biotechnological means.

Keywords

Spirulina, Biotech Food.

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Neha Sawant ¹, Poorva Ghosh ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Nowadays the whole world is facing the problem of terrorism. It is clear from recent attack in Mumbai that the terrorists keep finding new ways to spread terror among people. This leads to misuse of developments in various fields. This is also applied to the use of advances in field of life sciences for spreading such terror attacks. This has given rise to the bioterrorism, which refers to use of living organisms which can destroy a large population within no time.

Keywords

Bioterrorism, Anthax.

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Jyoti J. Gavali ¹, Ashwini G. Dashputre ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

A biosensor is an analytical device containing on immobilized biological material enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle or whole cell which can specifically interact with an analyte and produce physical, chemical or electrical signals that can be measured. An analyte is a compound (e.g. – glucose, urea, drug, pesticide) whose concentrations has to be measured.

Keywords

Biosensor.

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Priyanka P. Nagare ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

A chimera is an ordinary person or animal except that some of their parts actually came from their twin or from the mother. A chimera may arise either from monozygotic twin fetuses (where it would be impossible to detect), or from dizygotic fetuses, which can be identified by chromosomal comparisons from various parts of the body.

Keywords

Chimeras.

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Poorva Ghosh ¹, Neha Sawant ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Biotechnology is an age old science although not formally recognized as so. Initially it was only applied to produce alcoholic beverages, cheese, citric acid and substances similar to these. However, this industry came to be recognized as a major industry only during the end of the twentieth century. Much of the coming explosion in the biotech industry can be attributed to one key event during the 1990’s; that is the mapping of the human genome.

Keywords

Biotechnology Industry, Alcoholic Beverages, Cheese, Citric Acid.

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Sameer D. Yeole ¹, B. A. Aglave ¹, M. O. Lokhande ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Science, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K. Science College, Nashik (M.S.), IN

Abstract

The world is undergoing a challenge of meeting severe crisis due to diminishing stock of finite fossil fuel in near future. The world-demand of diesel is about 49.56 MMT according to a survey carried out by International Energy Agency.

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